Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Modulators of Health Outcomes

    • Lee I.M.
    • Shiroma E.J.
    • Lobelo F.
    • Puska P.
    • Blair S.N.
    • Katzmarzyk P.T.

    Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy.

    Lancet. 2012; 380: 219-229

    • Katzmarzyk P.T.
    • Friedenreich C.
    • Shiroma E.J.
    • Lee M.

    Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries.

    Br J Sport Med. 2022; 56: 101-106

    • Sallis R.
    • Franklin B.
    • Joy L.
    • Ross R.
    • Sabgir D.
    • Stone J.

    Strategies for promoting physical activity in clinical practice.

    Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2015; 57: 375-386

    • Ahmad F.B.
    • Cisewski J.A.
    • Miniño A.
    • Anderson R.N.

    Provisional mortality data – United States, 2020.

    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021; 70: 519-522

    • Ahmad F.B.
    • Cisewski J.A.
    • Anderson R.N.

    Provisional mortality data — United States, 2021.

    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022; 71: 597-600

    • Caspersen C.J.
    • Powell K.E.
    • Christenson G.M.

    Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research.

    Public Health Rep. 1985; 100: 126-131

    • Ross R.
    • Blair S.N.
    • Arena R.
    • et al.

    Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

    Circulation. 2016; 134: e653-e699

  • Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires.

    Br J Sports Med. 2003; 37: 197-206

    • Peterman J.E.
    • Whaley M.H.
    • Harber M.P.
    • et al.

    Comparison of non-exercise cardiorespiratory fitness prediction equations in apparently healthy adults.

    Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021; 28: 142-148

    • Morris J.N.
    • Heady J.A.
    • Raffle P.A.
    • Roberts C.G.
    • Parks J.W.

    Coronary heart – disease and physical activity of work.

    Lancet. 1953; 262: 1053-1057

    • Booth F.W.
    • Gordon S.E.
    • Carlson C.J.
    • Hamilton M.T.

    Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology.

    J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000; 88: 774-787

    • Powell K.E.
    • Thompson P.D.
    • Caspersen C.J.
    • Kendrick J.S.

    Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease.

    Annu Rev Public Health. 1987; 8: 253-287

    • Nocon M.
    • Hiemann T.
    • Müller-Riememschneider
    • Thalau F.
    • Roll S.
    • Willich S.N.

    Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008; 15: 239-246

    • Li Y.
    • Pan A.
    • Wang D.D.
    • et al.

    Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population.

    Circulation. 2018; 138: 345-355

  • Survival of the fittest: evidence for high-risk and cardioprotective fitness levels.

    Curr Sports Med Rep. 2002; 1: 257-259

    • Davidson T.
    • Vainshelboim B.
    • Kokkinos P.
    • Myers J.
    • Ross R.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness versus physical activity as predictors of all-cause mortality in men.

    Am Heart J. 2018; 196: 156-162

    • Lee J.
    • Song R.J.
    • Yola I.M.
    • et al.

    Association of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness in midlife with cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality.

    JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4e2131284

  • Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis.

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001; 33: 756-761

    • Myers J.
    • Kaykha A.
    • George S.
    • et al.

    Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men.

    Am J Med. 2004; 117: 912-918

    • Ekelund U.
    • Tarp J.
    • Steene-Johannessen J.
    • et al.

    Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonized meta-analysis.

    BMJ. 2019; 366: I4570

    • Ekelund U.
    • Dalene K.E.
    • Tarp J.
    • Lee -I.M.

    Physical activity and mortality: what is the dose response and how big is the effect?.

    Br J Sport Med. 2020; 54: 1125-1126

  • Physical activity and the prevention of hypertension.

    Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013; 15: 659-668

    • Huai P.
    • Xun H.
    • Reilly K.H.
    • Wang Y.
    • Ma W.
    • Xi B.

    Physical activity and risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

    Hypertension. 2013; 62: 1021-1026

    • Jae S.Y.
    • Kurl S.
    • Franklin B.A.
    • Laukkanen J.A.

    Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness predict incident hypertension: a population-based long-term study.

    Am J Hum Biol. 2017; 29https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22932

    • Jae S.Y.
    • Franklin B.A.
    • Choo J.
    • Yoon E.S.
    • Choi Y.H.
    • Park W.H.

    Fitness, body habitus, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean men.

    Am J Cardiol. 2016; 117: 585-589

    • Kokkinos P.
    • Faselis C.
    • Narayan P.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and incidence of type 2 diabetes in United States veterans on statin therapy.

    Am J Med. 2017; 130: 1192-1198

    • Faselis C.
    • Kokkinos P.
    • Tsimploulis A.
    • et al.

    Exercise capacity and atrial fibrillation risk in veterans: a cohort study.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2016; 91: 558-566

    • Kokkinos P.
    • Faselis C.
    • Myers J.
    • et al.

    Exercise capacity and risk of chronic kidney disease in US veterans: a cohort study.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2015; 90: 461-468

    • Jae S.Y.
    • Heffernan K.S.
    • Kurl S.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness, inflammation, and the incident risk of pneumonia.

    J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2021; 41: 199-201

    • Kunutsor S.K.
    • Jae S.Y.
    • Mäkikallio T.H.
    • Laukkanen J.A.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness, inflammation, and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in middle-aged men: a cohort study.

    J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2022; 42: 347-351

    • Kokkinos P.
    • Faselis C.
    • Myers J.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in US veterans: a cohort study.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2017; 92: 39-48

    • Pandey A.
    • Patel M.
    • Gao A.
    • et al.

    Changes in mid-life fitness predicts heart failure risk at a later age independent of interval development of cardiac and noncardiac risk factors: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

    Am Heart J. 2015; 169: 290-297.e1

    • Myers J.
    • Kokkinos P.
    • Chan K.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and reclassification of risk for incidence of heart failure: the Veterans Exercise Testing Study.

    Circ Heart Fail. 2017; 10e003780

    • Kokkinos P.
    • Faselis C.
    • Franklin B.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence.

    Eur J Heart Fail. 2019; 21: 436-444

    • Kokkkinos P.
    • Narayan P.
    • Myers J.
    • Franklin B.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of chronic disease.

    J Clin Exer Physiol. 2018; 7: 37-45

    • Ross R.
    • Blair S.N.
    • Arena R.
    • et al.

    Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

    Circulation. 2016; 134: e653-e699

    • Blair S.N.
    • Kohl III, H.W.
    • Paffenbarger Jr., R.S.
    • Clark D.G.
    • Cooper K.H.
    • Gibbons L.W.

    Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women.

    JAMA. 1989; 262: 2395-2401

    • Gulati M.
    • Pandey D.K.
    • Arnsdorf M.F.
    • et al.

    Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project.

    Circulation. 2003; 108: 1554-1559

    • Kodama S.
    • Saito K.
    • Tanaka S.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis.

    JAMA. 2009; 301: 2024-2035

  • Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications.

    Circulation. 2010; 122: 1637-1648

    • Laukkanen J.A.
    • Isiozor N.M.
    • Kunutsor S.K.

    Objectively assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality risk: an updated meta-analysis of 37 cohort studies involving 2,258,029 million participants.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2022; 97: 1054-1073

    • Lavie C.J.
    • Arena R.
    • Kaminsky L.A.

    Making the case to measure and improve cardiorespiratory fitness in routine clinical practice.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2022; 97: 1038-1040

    • Boden W.E.
    • Franklin B.A.
    • Wenger N.K.

    Physical activity and structured exercise for patients with stable ischemic heart disease.

    JAMA. 2013; 309: 143-144

    • Harber M.P.
    • Kaminsky L.A.
    • Arena R.
    • et al.

    Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause and disease-specific mortality: advances since 2009.

    Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017; 60: 11-20

  • Exercise protects the cardiovascular system: effects beyond traditional risk factors.

    J Physiol. 2009; 587: 5551-5558

    • Quindry J.C.
    • Franklin B.A.

    Cardioprotective exercise and pharmacologic interventions as complementary antidotes to cardiovascular disease.

    Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2018; 46: 5-17

    • Radford N.B.
    • DeFina L.F.
    • Leonard D.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness, coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular disease events in a cohort of generally healthy middle-age men: results from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

    Circulation. 2018; 137: 1888-1895

    • DeFina L.F.
    • Radford N.B.
    • Barlow C.E.
    • et al.

    Association of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with high levels of physical activity and concurrent coronary artery calcification.

    JAMA Cardiol. 2019; 4: 174-181

    • Myers J.
    • Prakash M.
    • Froelicher V.
    • Do D.
    • Partington S.
    • Atwood J.E.

    Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing.

    N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 793-801

    • Wickramasinghe C.D.
    • Ayers C.R.
    • Das S.
    • de Lemos J.A.
    • Willis B.L.
    • Berry J.D.

    Prediction of 30-year risk for cardiovascular mortality by fitness and risk factor levels: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

    Cir Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014; 7: 597-602

    • Weiss J.P.
    • Froelicher V.F.
    • Myers J.N.
    • Heidenreich P.A.

    Health-care costs and exercise capacity.

    Chest. 2004; 126: 608-613

    • Mitchell T.L.
    • Gibbons L.W.
    • Devers S.M.
    • Earnest C.P.

    Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on healthcare utilization.

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004; 36: 2088-2092

    • Myers J.
    • Doom R.
    • King R.
    • et al.

    Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and health care costs: the Veterans Exercise Testing Study.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2018; 93: 48-55

    • George J.
    • Abdulla R.K.
    • Yeow R.
    • et al.

    Daily energy expenditure and its relation to health care costs in patients undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring.

    Am J Cardiol. 2017; 119: 658-663

    • Martin M.Y.
    • Powell M.P.
    • Peel C.
    • Zhu S.
    • Allman R.

    Leisure-time physical activity and health-care utilization in older adults.

    J Aging Phys Act. 2006; 14: 392-410

    • Quindry J.C.
    • Franklin B.A.

    Exercise preconditioning as a cardioprotective phenotype.

    Am J Cardiol. 2021; 148: 8-15

    • Paffenbarger R.S.
    • Gima A.S.
    • Laughlin E.
    • Black R.A.

    Characteristics of longshoremen related fatal coronary heart disease and stroke.

    Am J Public Health. 1971; 61: 1362-1370

    • Pitsavos C.
    • Kavouras S.A.
    • Panagiotakos D.B.
    • et al.

    Physical activity status and acute coronary syndromes survival: the GREECS (Greek Study of Acute Coronary Syndromes) study.

    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 51: 2034-2039

    • Thijssen D.H.J.
    • Redington A.
    • George K.P.
    • Hopman M.T.E.
    • Jones H.

    Association of exercise preconditioning with immediate cardioprotection: a review.

    JAMA Cardiol. 2018; 3: 169-176

    • Lennon S.L.
    • Quindry J.C.
    • French J.P.
    • Kim S.
    • Mehta J.L.
    • Powers S.K.

    Exercise and myocardial tolerance to ischaemia-reperfusion.

    Acta Physiol Scand. 2004; 182: 161-169

    • Starnes J.W.
    • Taylor R.P.
    • Ciccolo J.T.

    Habitual low-intensity exercise does not protect against myocardial dysfunction after ischemia in rats.

    Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005; 12: 169-174

  • Exercise-induced cardioprotection and the therapeutic potential of RIPC.

    J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2017; 22: 397-403

    • Powers S.K.
    • Smuder A.J.
    • Kavazis A.N.
    • Quindry J.C.

    Mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection.

    Physiology (Bethesda). 2014; 29: 27-38

    • Smith J.L.
    • Verrill T.A.
    • Boura J.A.
    • Sawka M.P.
    • Shannon F.L.
    • Franklin B.A.

    Effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on short-term morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting.

    Am J Cardiol. 2013; 112: 1104-1109

    • McCullough P.A.
    • Gallagher M.J.
    • deJong A.T.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and short-term complications after bariatric surgery.

    Chest. 2006; 130: 517-525

    • Kaminsky L.A.
    • Arena R.
    • Beckie T.M.
    • et al.

    The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States: the need for a national registry: a policy statement from the American Heart Association.

    Circulation. 2013; 127: 652-662

    • Hoogeboom T.J.
    • Dronkers J.J.
    • Hulzebos E.H.J.
    • van Meeteren N.L.U.

    Merits of exercise therapy before and after major surgery.

    Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014; 27: 161-166

    • Myers J.
    • Niebauer J.
    • Humphrey R.

    Prehabilitation coming of age: implications for cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation.

    J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2021; 41: 141-146

    • Iestra J.A.
    • Kromhout D.
    • van der Schouw Y.T.
    • Grobbee D.E.
    • Boshuizen H.C.
    • van Staveren W.A.

    Effect size estimates of lifestyle and dietary changes on all-cause mortality in coronary artery disease patients: a systematic review.

    Circulation. 2005; 112: 924-934

    • Chiuve S.E.
    • McCullough M.L.
    • Sacks F.M.
    • Rimm E.B.

    Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications.

    Circulation. 2006; 114: 160-167

    • Kokkinos P.F.
    • Faselis C.
    • Myers J.
    • Panagiotakos D.
    • Doumas M.

    Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study.

    Lancet. 2013; 381: 394-399

  • Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study.

    BMJ. 2013; 347: f5577

    • Tutor A.
    • Lavie C.J.
    • Kachur S.
    • Dinshaw H.
    • Milani R.V.

    Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation.

    Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2022; 70: 2-7

    • Moore S.C.
    • Lee I.M.
    • Weiderpass E.
    • et al.

    Association of leisure time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults.

    JAMA Intern Med. 2016; 176: 816-825

    • 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee

    2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report.

    US Department of Health and Human Services,
    Washington, DC2018

    • Patel A.V.
    • Friedenreich C.M.
    • Moore S.C.
    • et al.

    American College of Sports Medicine roundtable report on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cancer prevention and control.

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019; 51: 2391-2402

    • Lakoski S.G.
    • Willis B.L.
    • Barlow C.E.
    • et al.

    Midlife cardiorespiratory fitness, incident cancer, and survival after cancer in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study.

    JAMA Oncol. 2015; 1: 231-237

    • Pletnikoff P.P.
    • Tuomainen T.P.
    • Laukkanen J.A.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and lung cancer risk: a prospective population-based cohort study.

    J Sci Med Sport. 2016; 19: 98-102

    • Robsahm T.E.
    • Falk R.S.
    • Heir T.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of site-specific cancers: a long-term prospective cohort study.

    Cancer Med. 2017; 6: 865-873

    • Marshall C.H.
    • Al-Mallah M.H.
    • Dardari Z.
    • et al.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident lung and colorectal cancer in men and women: results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) cohort.

    Cancer. 2019; 125: 2594-2601

  • Cardiorespiratory fitness as predictor of cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Ann Oncol. 2015; 26: 272-278

    • Chow E.J.
    • Mueller B.A.
    • Baker K.S.
    • et al.

    Cardiovascular hospitalizations and mortality among recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

    Ann Intern Med. 2011; 155: 21-32

    • Hooning M.J.
    • Botma A.
    • Aleman B.M.
    • et al.

    Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in 10-year survivors of breast cancer.

    J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007; 99: 365-375

    • Jones L.W.
    • Haykowsky M.J.
    • Swartz J.J.
    • Douglas P.S.
    • Mackey J.R.

    Early breast cancer therapy and cardiovascular injury.

    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007; 50: 1435-1441

    • Gilchrist S.C.
    • Barac A.
    • Ades P.A.
    • et al.

    Cardio-oncology rehabilitation to manage cardiovascular outcomes in cancer patients and survivors: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

    Circulation. 2019; 139: e997-e1012

    • Fakhraei R.
    • BeKin S.S.
    • Abdel-Qadir H.
    • et al.

    Research quality and impact of cardiac rehabilitation in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    J Am Coll Cardiol CardioOnc. 2022; 4: 195-206

    • Stout N.L.
    • Baima J.
    • Swisher A.K.
    • Winters-Stone K.M.
    • Welsh J.

    A systematic review of exercise systematic reviews in the cancer literature (2005-2017).

    PM R. 2017; 9: S347-S384

  • COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health.

    Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8: 659-661

  • Compounders of the COVID crisis: the “perfect storm.”.

    Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2021; 35: 133-136

    • Sallis R.
    • Young D.R.
    • Tartof S.Y.
    • et al.

    Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48,440 adult patients.

    Br J Sports Med. 2021; 55: 1099-1105

    • Brawner C.A.
    • Ehrman J.K.
    • Bole S.
    • et al.

    Inverse relationship of maximal exercise capacity to hospitalization secondary to coronavirus disease 2019.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2021; 96: 32-39

  • Brief summary of findings on the association between physical inactivity and severe COVID-19 outcomes.

    • Ekblom-Bak E.
    • Väisänen D.
    • Ekblom B.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and lifestyle on severe COVID-19 risk in 279,455 adults: a case control study.

    Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021; 18: 135

    • Keller K.
    • Sagoschen I.
    • Schmitt V.H.
    • et al.

    Obesity and its impact on adverse in-hospital outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.

    Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022; 13876028

    • Lavie C.J.
    • Sanchis-Gomar F.
    • Henry B.M.
    • Lippi G.

    COVID-19 and obesity: links and risks.

    Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2020; 15: 215-216

    • Sanchis-Gomar F.
    • Lavie C.J.
    • Mehra M.R.
    • Henry B.M.
    • Lippi G.

    Obesity and outcomes in COVID-19: when an epidemic and pandemic collide.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95: 1445-1453

    • Sanchis-Gomar F.
    • Lavie C.J.
    • Neeland I.J.
    • Lippi G.

    Does abdominal obesity influence immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection?.

    Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab. 2021; 16: 271-272

    • Sharma A.
    • Garg A.
    • Rout A.
    • Lavie C.J.

    Association of obesity with more critical illness in COVID-19.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95: 2040-2042

    • Kerrigan D.J.
    • Brawner C.A.
    • Ehrman J.K.
    • Keteyian S.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the impact of risk factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalization.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2021; 96: 822-823

    • Lavie C.J.
    • Sanchis-Gomar F.
    • Arena R.

    In reply – cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the impact of risk factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalization.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2021; 96: 823-824

    • Bull F.C.
    • Al-Ansari S.S.
    • Biddle S.
    • et al.

    World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.

    Br J Sports Med. 2020; 54: 1451-1462

    • Wen C.P.
    • Wai J.P.
    • Tsai M.K.
    • et al.

    Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study.

    Lancet. 2011; 378: 1244-1253

    • Lee D.C.
    • Pate R.R.
    • Lavie C.J.
    • Sui X.
    • Church T.S.
    • Blair S.N.

    Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk.

    J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 64: 472-481

  • Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise.

    Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97: 141-147

  • V.O2 reserve and the minimal intensity for improving cardiorespiratory fitness.

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002; 34: 152-157

    • Kang J.
    • Robertson R.J.
    • Hagberg J.M.
    • et al.

    Effect of exercise intensity on glucose and insulin metabolism in obese individuals and obese NIDDM patients.

    Diabetes Care. 1996; 19: 341-349

    • Franklin B.A.
    • Kaminsky L.A.
    • Kokkinos P.

    Quantitating the dose of physical activity in secondary prevention: Relation of exercise intensity to survival.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2018; 93: 1158-1163

    • Paluch A.E.
    • Gabriel K.P.
    • Fulton J.E.
    • et al.

    Steps per day and all-cause mortality in middle-aged adults in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study.

    JAMA Netw Open. 2021; 4e2124516

    • Nes B.M.
    • Gutvik C.R.
    • Lavie C.J.
    • Nauman J.
    • Wisløff

    Personalized activity intelligence (PAI) for prevention of cardiovascular disease and promotion of physical activity.

    Am J Med. 2017; 130: 328-336

    • Garber C.E.
    • Blissmer B.
    • Deschenes M.R.
    • et al.

    American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise.

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43: 1334-1359

    • Kokkinos P.
    • Myers J.
    • Franklin B.
    • Narayan P.
    • Lavie C.J.
    • Faselis C.

    Cardiorespiratory fitness and health outcomes: a call to standardize fitness categories.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2018; 93: 333-336

    • Haskell W.L.
    • Lee I.M.
    • Pate R.R.
    • et al.

    Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.

    Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39: 1423-1434

    • American College of Sports Medicine

    ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.

    11th Edition. Wolters Kluwer,
    Philadelphia, PA2021 ()

    • Franklin B.A.
    • Arena R.
    • Kaminsky L.A.
    • Peterman J.E.
    • Kokkinos P.
    • Myers J.

    Maximizing the cardioprotective benefits of exercise with age-, sex-, and fitness-adjusted target intensities for training.

    Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022; ()

  • Stressing harms of physical inactivity to promote exercise.

    Lancet. 2012; 380: 192-193

  • Blue zones: Lessons learned from the world’s longest lived.

    Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016; 10: 318-321

    • Berra K.
    • Rippe J.
    • Manson J.E.

    Making physical activity counseling a priority in clinical practice: the time for action is now.

    JAMA. 2015; 314: 2617-2618

    • Lavie C.J.
    • Sanchis-Gomar F.
    • Arena R.

    Fit is it in COVID-19, future pandemics, and overall healthy living.

    Mayo Clin Proc. 2021; 96: 7-9

    • Franklin B.A.
    • Thompson P.D.
    • Al-Zaiti S.S.

    Exercise-related acute cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term exercise training: placing the risks into perspective-an update: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.

    Circulation. 2020; 141: e705-e736

  • link

    Leave a Reply

    Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *